[
  {
    "id": "S01",
    "author": "Ethical Tech CoLab",
    "year": "2026",
    "title": "Repository snapshot: mission, vision, and working principles (stored About-page copy)",
    "url": "https://github.com/Ethical-Tech-CoLab/website/blob/6fadc0fb0a93c112bee7cc91a2f9e3c00a2f9565/src/content/site.ts",
    "contextUrl": "https://ethical-tech-colab.github.io/website/",
    "contextTitle": "Ethical Tech CoLab public website (organizational context)",
    "claim": "The public repository copy lists Field-grounded, Prototype-first, and Open by default. Its mission concerns realizing human potential through technology; its vision specifically concerns technology shaped by affected people.",
    "limit": "This is a pinned TypeScript content file, not JSON or a rendered principles page. The About route is disabled in the cited snapshot and in the current implementation inspected on the access date. The record supports stored repository wording, not verified public-page display, formal charter status, or endorsement of this project. The context link is the public homepage, not evidence that this wording appears there.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-20"
  },
  {
    "id": "S02",
    "author": "Ethical Tech CoLab",
    "year": "2026",
    "title": "What Is Ethical AI?",
    "url": "https://ethical-tech-colab.github.io/what-is-ethical-ai/",
    "claim": "The CoLab's July 2026 paper frames ethical AI institutionally, with human rights, avoidance of harm, ethical deliberation, and affected-person participation.",
    "limit": "Cited for the CoLab's normative framework, not as independent validation of the present proposals or of every historical claim in that paper.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S03",
    "author": "Elinor Ostrom",
    "year": "2009",
    "title": "Beyond Markets and States: Polycentric Governance of Complex Economic Systems",
    "url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/2009/ostrom/lecture/",
    "claim": "Nobel lecture distinguishes resource subtractability and exclusion and describes collective-choice arrangements, monitoring, sanctions, and conflict resolution. Printed pages 412-413 and 422-423.",
    "limit": "Knowledge and pasture have different resource economics. Institutional findings are not a universal template or an endorsement of an AI-data proposal.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S04",
    "author": "U.S. Bureau of Land Management",
    "year": "Undated; accessed 2026",
    "title": "Livestock Grazing on Public Lands",
    "url": "https://www.blm.gov/programs/natural-resources/rangelands-and-grazing/livestock-grazing",
    "claim": "Describes permits or leases, eligibility, authorized grazing privileges, and fees, including animal-unit months as a forage measure.",
    "limit": "A publicly managed, subtractable resource regime; it establishes neither public ownership of internet content nor authority to license others' data.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S05",
    "author": "Imanol Arrieta-Ibarra, Leonard Goff, Diego Jimenez-Hernandez, Jaron Lanier, and E. Glen Weyl",
    "year": "2018",
    "title": "Should We Treat Data as Labor? Moving beyond 'Free'",
    "url": "https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/pandp.20181003",
    "claim": "Argues for treating data partly as labor and for countervailing power against dominant data buyers. AEA Papers and Proceedings 108: 38-42.",
    "limit": "An institutional argument, not a demonstrated viable cooperative, universal data price, or legal finding of employee status. Publisher abstract and bibliographic record verified.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S06",
    "author": "Nicholas Vincent, Hanlin Li, Nicole Tilly, Stevie Chancellor, and Brent Hecht",
    "year": "2021",
    "title": "Data Leverage: A Framework for Empowering the Public in its Relationship with Technology Companies",
    "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2012.09995",
    "claim": "Examines public power arising from dependence on human-generated data, including withholding and conscious contributions to alternatives. Warns of collateral harm to public commons. FAccT 2021.",
    "limit": "A framework and synthesis, not a contemporary frontier-model bargaining trial. Originally posted as a 2020 preprint, revised in 2021.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S07",
    "author": "Sylvie Delacroix and Neil D. Lawrence",
    "year": "2019",
    "title": "Bottom-up data Trusts: disturbing the 'one size fits all' approach to data governance",
    "url": "https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/301307",
    "claim": "Proposes plural independently administered trusts with fiduciary obligations and negotiation tied to beneficiaries' purposes. International Data Privacy Law 9(4): 236-252; doi:10.1093/idpl/ipz014.",
    "limit": "A proposed model, not universally recognized ownership of personal data or an international trust regime. Accessible university full text notes limits on erasure and bargaining.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S08",
    "author": "Creative Commons",
    "year": "Undated; accessed 2026",
    "title": "Frequently Asked Questions",
    "url": "https://creativecommons.org/faq/",
    "claim": "Explains CC's standardized legal tools and sharing mission, the relationship to copyright, and differences and limits across licenses.",
    "limit": "General institutional guidance, not legal advice, a universal determination of AI-training legality, or evidence that CC operates the proposed payment intermediary.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S09",
    "author": "Creative Commons",
    "year": "Undated; accessed 2026",
    "title": "CC Signals",
    "url": "https://creativecommons.org/cc-signals/",
    "claim": "Describes a developing commons-friendly framework for communicating expectations about AI use and advancing reciprocity alongside existing licensing tools.",
    "limit": "A developing institutional framework; a preference signal is not automatically a new legal obligation or a retroactive amendment to existing CC licenses.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S10",
    "author": "European Union",
    "year": "2016",
    "title": "Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (General Data Protection Regulation)",
    "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2016/679/oj/eng",
    "claim": "Articles 5-9, 17, 21, and 80 address processing principles, lawful bases, consent, specified rights, and representative enforcement; recital 26 distinguishes anonymity from pseudonymity.",
    "limit": "Not a general property or collective-licensing right. Withdrawal does not invalidate prior lawful processing; erasure and other rights have conditions and exceptions.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S11",
    "author": "European Union",
    "year": "2022",
    "title": "Regulation (EU) 2022/868 (Data Governance Act)",
    "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2022/868/oj/eng",
    "claim": "Recognizes data-cooperative services and regulates specified intermediation and data-altruism recognition. Articles 2(15)-(16), 10-12, and 18-19; applicable from 24 September 2023.",
    "limit": "No new personal-data processing basis or competition-law immunity. Altruism excludes rewards beyond specified cost compensation; neutrality and organizational requirements matter.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S12",
    "author": "European Union",
    "year": "2024",
    "title": "Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (Artificial Intelligence Act)",
    "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj/eng",
    "claim": "Article 53(1)(c)-(d) establishes GPAI copyright-policy and public training-content-summary duties; Articles 111(3) and 113 set relevant phased dates. Read with the 2026 amendment.",
    "limit": "Does not establish universal royalties or an item-level public training ledger. The limited open-source exception does not remove those two duties.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S13",
    "author": "European Commission",
    "year": "2022",
    "title": "Guidelines on the application of Union competition law to collective agreements regarding the working conditions of solo self-employed persons",
    "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52022XC0930%2802%29",
    "claim": "Communication 2022/C 374/02 distinguishes specified working-condition agreements outside Article 101 from categories subject to Commission nonintervention.",
    "limit": "Guidance, not new social rights or a blanket data-licensing exemption. Paragraphs 17-18 limit scope, including exclusion of mere asset exploitation.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S14",
    "author": "U.S. Copyright Office",
    "year": "2025",
    "title": "Copyright and Artificial Intelligence, Part 3: Generative AI Training",
    "url": "https://www.copyright.gov/ai/Copyright-and-Artificial-Intelligence-Part-3-Generative-AI-Training-Report-Pre-Publication-Version.pdf",
    "claim": "Discusses training and exclusive rights, contextual fair-use analysis, licensing markets, and targeted policy intervention. Printed pages 99 and 105-108.",
    "limit": "The 9 May 2025 pre-publication advisory report, not a statute or court judgment. Its litigation discussion is not a verified September 2026 docket update.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S15",
    "author": "Omidyar Network",
    "year": "2025-10-14",
    "title": "Humanity AI launches $500 million commitment to mobilize civil society in shaping the future of AI",
    "url": "https://omidyar.com/update/humanity-ai/",
    "claim": "Official founder announcement of ten philanthropies committing $500 million over five years, with aligned grantmaking and a pooled fund managed by Rockefeller Philanthropy Advisors.",
    "limit": "An announced collective commitment is not evidence of completed disbursement, a single available funding pot, or an award to Commons Collective.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S16",
    "author": "Costco Wholesale Corporation",
    "year": "Undated; accessed 2026",
    "title": "Company Profile",
    "url": "https://investor.costco.com/company-profile/default.aspx",
    "claim": "Describes membership warehouses, membership fees, and lower-price positioning; identifies Costco as a publicly traded corporation.",
    "limit": "Costco is not a member-owned cooperative. Its company description does not validate pooled AI procurement, data sales, or democratic governance.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S17",
    "author": "Google",
    "year": "Undated; accessed 2026",
    "title": "Learn how Gmail keeps your information secure & protects your privacy",
    "url": "https://support.google.com/mail/answer/10434152?hl=en",
    "claim": "Gmail's published explanation describes processing for smart features and spam detection, user controls, and a distinction between email content and advertising.",
    "limit": "A provider's product-specific policy statement, not an independent audit or a blanket policy covering every AI service, account type, setting, or model-training use.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S18",
    "author": "W3C Provenance Working Group",
    "year": "2013",
    "title": "PROV-DM: The PROV Data Model",
    "url": "https://www.w3.org/TR/prov-dm/",
    "claim": "The Recommendation models provenance using entities, activities, agents, derivations, and related structures for interoperable exchange.",
    "limit": "A representation standard; it does not establish ownership, verify the truth of a recorded assertion, or supply a compensation formula.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S19",
    "author": "W3C Verifiable Credentials Working Group",
    "year": "2025",
    "title": "Verifiable Credentials Data Model v2.0",
    "url": "https://www.w3.org/TR/vc-data-model-2.0/",
    "claim": "Provides an interoperable model for issuer claims and discusses correlation, data minimization, and credential privacy risks.",
    "limit": "A credential's validity does not establish the substantive truth or legal sufficiency of its claims; privacy depends on implementation.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S20",
    "author": "Local Contexts",
    "year": "Undated; accessed 2026",
    "title": "Traditional Knowledge (TK) Labels",
    "url": "https://localcontexts.org/labels/traditional-knowledge-labels/",
    "claim": "Community-developed labels communicate Indigenous protocols and responsibilities for culturally situated knowledge and materials.",
    "limit": "Not a generic commercial license, a replacement for community engagement, or proof of a platform's authority to commercialize cultural materials.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S21",
    "author": "International Energy Agency",
    "year": "2025",
    "title": "Energy and AI: Energy demand from AI",
    "url": "https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-and-ai/energy-demand-from-ai",
    "claim": "Estimates global data-center electricity consumption around 415 TWh in 2024 and projects around 945 TWh by 2030 in its Base Case, with substantial uncertainty.",
    "limit": "Figures concern total data centers, not AI alone; 2030 is a scenario projection from the 2025 report, not observed consumption or a new 2026 forecast.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S22",
    "author": "Ilia Shumailov, Zakhar Shumaylov, Yiren Zhao, Yarin Gal, Nicolas Papernot, and Ross Anderson",
    "year": "2023; v3 revised 2024",
    "title": "The Curse of Recursion: Training on Generated Data Makes Models Forget",
    "url": "https://arxiv.org/html/2305.17493v3",
    "claim": "Analyzes model-collapse mechanisms in recursive learning from generated data under the paper's theoretical and experimental conditions.",
    "limit": "A version-specific preprint reference; it does not show that every synthetic-data method fails or establish copyright or privacy clearance.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S23",
    "author": "Jean-Charles Rochet and Jean Tirole",
    "year": "2003",
    "title": "Platform Competition in Two-Sided Markets",
    "url": "https://www.tse-fr.eu/publications/platform-competition-two-sided-markets",
    "claim": "Models participation and price structure across platform sides, including profit-maximizing and nonprofit arrangements. Journal of the European Economic Association 1(4): 990-1029.",
    "limit": "Stylized platform theory, not evidence that an AI-data cooperative will succeed. The university record also links a 2002 working-paper version.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S24",
    "author": "Daron Acemoglu, Ali Makhdoumi, Azarakhsh Malekian, and Asu Ozdaglar",
    "year": "2022",
    "title": "Too Much Data: Prices and Inefficiencies in Data Markets",
    "url": "https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/mic.20200200",
    "claim": "Models how one person's disclosure can reveal information about others, depress prices, and generate excessive sharing. AEJ: Microeconomics 14(4): 218-56.",
    "limit": "A theoretical model, not a measured estimate of the externality in the proposed pilot. Low prices do not imply low social stakes.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S25",
    "author": "Salome Viljoen",
    "year": "2021",
    "title": "A Relational Theory of Data Governance",
    "url": "https://yalelawjournal.org/feature/a-relational-theory-of-data-governance",
    "claim": "Analyzes population-level data relationships and interests beyond individual consent or payment; warns that contributor-only trusts can omit affected noncontributors. Yale Law Journal 131: 573-654, especially pages 598 and 645-648.",
    "limit": "Normative legal scholarship, not enacted institutional authority or empirical validation of the proposed federation.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S26",
    "author": "Creative Commons",
    "year": "2013; version 4.0",
    "title": "Attribution 4.0 International: Legal Code",
    "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode.en",
    "claim": "Provides a nonexclusive, royalty-free, irrevocable license over licensed rights, with terms, independent exceptions, limits on additional restrictions, and breach/reinstatement provisions.",
    "limit": "CC BY 4.0 specifically. Privacy/publicity and other rights remain separately addressed; no universal answer to every AI use or permission over rights the licensor does not hold.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S27",
    "author": "Amirata Ghorbani and James Zou",
    "year": "2019",
    "title": "Data Shapley: Equitable Valuation of Data for Machine Learning",
    "url": "https://proceedings.mlr.press/v97/ghorbani19c.html",
    "claim": "Allocates contributions to predictive performance for a specified learning algorithm and evaluation measure, with computational approximations. ICML, PMLR 97: 2242-2251.",
    "limit": "Not an intrinsic cash price, moral entitlement, or share of corporate revenue. Exact computation is exponentially costly, and fairness assumptions may not fit every setting.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S28",
    "author": "Humanity AI",
    "year": "2026-09-10",
    "title": "Humanity AI Announces $10 Million Open Call for Grants Supporting Community-Led Projects",
    "url": "https://humanityai.ai/press-release-open-call-for-grants/",
    "claim": "Announces a $10 million competitive call for U.S.-based community-led work in education, labor and economy, and humanities, arts, and culture.",
    "limit": "The $10 million is the call-wide envelope, not an individual award or funding for this report's separate hypothetical strategy. Application conditions may change.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S29",
    "author": "Humanity AI",
    "year": "2026",
    "title": "Open Call for Proposals: Communities Leading on AI",
    "url": "https://humanityai.ai/open-call/",
    "claim": "Lists $75,000-$1 million grants, terms up to three years, U.S. community focus, nonprofit/fiscal-sponsorship requirements, and a 21 October 2026 deadline at 7:59 p.m. ET.",
    "limit": "Research-only and primarily AI-literacy/adoption projects are out of scope. The call describes grants, not a PRI program. Check live terms before applying.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S30",
    "author": "Alessandro Acquisti, Leslie K. John, and George Loewenstein",
    "year": "2013",
    "title": "What Is Privacy Worth?",
    "url": "https://kilthub.cmu.edu/articles/journal_contribution/What_Is_Privacy_Worth_/16540101",
    "claim": "A field experiment finds that endowments and presentation order affect consumer privacy choices. Journal of Legal Studies 42(2): 249-274.",
    "limit": "Context-dependent privacy preferences, not a universal price for personal data or an estimate of AI training value. The repository upload date differs from the 2013 publication date.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S31",
    "author": "Charles I. Jones and Christopher Tonetti",
    "year": "2020",
    "title": "Nonrivalry and the Economics of Data",
    "url": "https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/aer.20191330",
    "claim": "Models simultaneous use of data by multiple firms, gains from nonrival use, and inefficiencies from hoarding. American Economic Review 110(9): 2819-58.",
    "limit": "Model-dependent welfare results, not a claim that unrestricted sharing is always beneficial or will finance its own stewardship.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S32",
    "author": "European Union",
    "year": "2026",
    "title": "Regulation (EU) 2026/1744 (Digital Omnibus on AI)",
    "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=OJ:L_202601744",
    "claim": "Enacted 8 July 2026 and in force 27 July 2026; changes relevant Annex III high-risk dates to 2 December 2027 and Annex I dates to 2 August 2028 while retaining the principal GPAI timetable discussed here.",
    "limit": "Not a delay of all AI obligations. Interpret the specific application/transition provisions and obtain current model- and use-specific legal review.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S33",
    "author": "United States",
    "year": "1935, as amended",
    "title": "National Labor Relations Act: 29 U.S.C. 152",
    "url": "https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title29-section152&num=0&edition=prelim",
    "claim": "Section 152(3)'s definition of employee excludes independent contractors and other specified categories, limiting assumptions about data-union labor-law status.",
    "limit": "Exclusion from this statute alone does not establish that every collective negotiation is unlawful under other law; actual employment classification requires factual analysis.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S34",
    "author": "European Data Protection Board",
    "year": "2024",
    "title": "Opinion 28/2024 on certain data protection aspects related to the processing of personal data in the context of AI models",
    "url": "https://www.edpb.europa.eu/system/files/documents/2024-12/edpb_opinion_202428_ai-models_en.pdf",
    "claim": "Models trained on personal data are not automatically anonymous; analysis considers reasonably likely extraction/disclosure and contextual lawful-basis assessment. Executive summary, pages 2-4.",
    "limit": "A regulatory opinion, not a statute or a finding that every model or synthetic dataset contains personal data.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S35",
    "author": "European Union",
    "year": "2019",
    "title": "Directive (EU) 2019/790 on copyright and related rights in the Digital Single Market",
    "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2019/790/oj/eng",
    "claim": "Articles 3-4 address text-and-data mining and lawful access, with rights reservations under Article 4; Article 7 protects the specified research exception against conflicting contracts.",
    "limit": "Requires national implementation and fact-specific analysis. Research labels do not automatically qualify; public accessibility is not unlimited permission.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S36",
    "author": "Thomas Helbling, International Monetary Fund",
    "year": "2010",
    "title": "Back to Basics: What Are Externalities?",
    "url": "https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2010/12/basics.htm",
    "claim": "Explains external costs, Pigouvian taxation, positive externalities, and public goods, supporting a distinction between harm correction and commons subsidy.",
    "limit": "An economic explanation, not an estimate of an optimal AI tax rate or a justification for a uniform 50% tax.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S37",
    "author": "U.S. Internal Revenue Service",
    "year": "2026",
    "title": "Credits and deductions",
    "url": "https://www.irs.gov/credits-and-deductions",
    "claim": "Explains that credits reduce tax due while deductions reduce taxable income.",
    "limit": "Does not establish an existing AI-commons or Wikimedia contribution credit, corporate eligibility, or the proposed calculation's legal validity.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S38",
    "author": "Office of Senator Bernie Sanders",
    "year": "2026-06-18",
    "title": "Sanders Introduces Legislation to Create $7 Trillion AI Sovereign Wealth Fund",
    "url": "https://www.sanders.senate.gov/press-releases/news-sanders-introduces-legislation-to-create-7-trillion-ai-sovereign-wealth-fund/",
    "claim": "Announces the American AI Sovereign Wealth Fund Act, a one-time equity-paid levy seeking 50% public ownership of covered AI companies. Linked proposed section 5000E(b) specifies newly issued equity and post-issuance ownership.",
    "limit": "An introduced proposal, not evidence of enactment. Fund valuation and dividend amounts are sponsor projections, not independently verified forecasts; no Wikimedia-credit mechanism is established.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S39",
    "author": "Office of Senator Bernie Sanders",
    "year": "2026-03-02",
    "title": "Sanders and Khanna Introduce Legislation to Tax Billionaire Wealth and Invest in Working Families",
    "url": "https://www.sanders.senate.gov/press-releases/news-sanders-and-khanna-introduce-legislation-to-tax-billionaire-wealth-and-invest-in-working-families/",
    "claim": "Describes the Make Billionaires Pay Their Fair Share Act and a proposed 5% annual billionaire wealth tax.",
    "limit": "Different base and mechanism from an AI-company revenue, profit, or equity levy. Sponsor-supported projected receipts are not realized revenue.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S40",
    "author": "Office of Senator Bernie Sanders",
    "year": "2025-10-06",
    "title": "Sanders Releases Report on Big Tech Oligarchs' War Against Workers, Warns AI Could Eliminate Nearly 100 Million U.S. Jobs",
    "url": "https://www.sanders.senate.gov/press-releases/news-sanders-releases-report-on-big-tech-oligarchs-war-against-workers-warns-ai-could-eliminate-nearly-100-million-u-s-jobs/",
    "claim": "Includes a proposal for a robot tax on corporations replacing workers with machines; the announcement does not specify a tax rate.",
    "limit": "A policy proposal. The headline's job-loss figure is a sponsor-reported scenario, not adopted here as a validated forecast; it does not establish a 50% rate.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S41",
    "author": "Wikimedia Foundation",
    "year": "2025 revision",
    "title": "Gift policy",
    "url": "https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Gift_policy",
    "claim": "Describes gift review, a preference for unrestricted support, additional scrutiny of large or restricted gifts, and the Foundation's right to refuse donations.",
    "limit": "Not an endorsement of the proposed tax credit or designation as an eligible recipient under any new scheme. Recipient independence and actual law remain controlling.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S42",
    "author": "ERC-8004 authors and Ethereum ERC contributors",
    "year": "2025; inspected revision 2026",
    "title": "ERC-8004: Trustless Agents",
    "url": "https://github.com/ethereum/ERCs/blob/503591a6e80e6e1affdd6403341e25269141f046/ERCS/erc-8004.md",
    "claim": "Draft specification proposes identity, reputation, and validation registries; includes contextual feedback and off-chain aggregation, and explicitly separates payments from scope.",
    "limit": "Draft at the research cutoff, not a final standard or evidence of any specific deployed contract. Identity and integrity commitments do not prove capability, authority, or freedom from Sybil manipulation.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S43",
    "author": "ERC-8004 contracts contributors",
    "year": "2026 snapshot",
    "title": "ERC-8004: Trustless Agents - curated contracts implementation",
    "url": "https://github.com/erc-8004/erc-8004-contracts/tree/b9e466c250744a7e06b13dff9d3c2844ed64f825",
    "claim": "Implementation includes validation requests/responses while its README flags ongoing validation-registry discussion and anticipated specification updates.",
    "limit": "Source existence is not proof of finalized design, independent audit quality, economic security, or uniformly deployed behavior; no deployment address was verified.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S44",
    "author": "Ethereum Attestation Service contributors",
    "year": "2026 snapshot",
    "title": "Ethereum Attestation Service contracts",
    "url": "https://github.com/ethereum-attestation-service/eas-contracts/tree/e6e970286ff18bbdfc5d8eff2742c5ece46040e4/contracts",
    "claim": "Schemas and attestations represent issuers, linked records, timestamps, expiry, revocation, and custom data. Applications must evaluate status and policy explicitly.",
    "limit": "Attestation infrastructure, not a universal reputation algorithm or truth verifier. The inspected isAttestationValid implementation checks existence, not every condition an application needs.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S45",
    "author": "Costco Business Delivery",
    "year": "Dynamic page; accessed 2026",
    "title": "Search | Costco",
    "url": "https://www.costcobusinessdelivery.com/s?keyword=coffee",
    "claim": "Delivered official search configuration contains Best Match with descending-score ordering and other sorting vocabulary, including price, ratings, and best sellers.",
    "limit": "Configuration does not disclose scoring inputs or establish quality optimization, visible controls in every session, or identical behavior across Costco consumer channels. The proprietary ranking algorithm was not verified.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S46",
    "author": "Waze / Google",
    "year": "Undated live documentation; accessed 2026",
    "title": "About Waze",
    "url": "https://support.google.com/waze/answer/6071177?hl=en",
    "claim": "Describes how driving with Waze open contributes real-time information used for speeds, routing, and road information, alongside community reports.",
    "limit": "A product description, not an independent causal evaluation of participation incentives or proof of contributor ownership or open licensing.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S47",
    "author": "Waze / Google",
    "year": "Undated live documentation; accessed 2026",
    "title": "Earn points on Waze",
    "url": "https://support.google.com/waze/answer/6273662?hl=en",
    "claim": "Documents current participation points for driving, reports, confirmations, and map contributions.",
    "limit": "Points are not a promise of cash compensation. The current schedule does not establish historical schedules or the causal effect of points on participation.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S48",
    "author": "Waze / Google",
    "year": "Undated live documentation; accessed 2026",
    "title": "Join our community",
    "url": "https://support.google.com/waze/answer/7312857?hl=en",
    "claim": "Describes map-editor, localization, and beta-testing communities and contributions to map accuracy and currency.",
    "limit": "Community participation does not establish corporate ownership, binding contributor votes, or an open-data license.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S49",
    "author": "Weather Underground",
    "year": "Undated live documentation; accessed 2026",
    "title": "PWS Network Overview",
    "url": "https://www.wunderground.com/pws/overview",
    "claim": "Describes local conditions, visualization, historical archives, and sharing benefits for personal weather-station owners, with a participation path involving equipment purchase and installation.",
    "limit": "Not proof of payments per reading or independent quality improvement. Inconsistent live network-size figures were not used; API and subscription entitlements are not established by this page.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S50",
    "author": "Weather Underground",
    "year": "Undated live documentation; accessed 2026",
    "title": "Installing your Personal Weather Station",
    "url": "https://www.wunderground.com/pws/installation-guide",
    "claim": "Explains how station placement affects temperature, wind, rainfall, and humidity measurements, including sunlight and obstruction problems.",
    "limit": "Installation guidance, not evidence that every contributing station complies or that all readings receive equivalent quality control.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S51",
    "author": "Weather Underground",
    "year": "Undated live documentation; accessed 2026",
    "title": "Personal Weather Station Buying Guide",
    "url": "https://www.wunderground.com/pws/buying-guide",
    "claim": "Discusses compatible equipment, sensor quality, connectivity, and hardware choices for contribution to the station network.",
    "limit": "Some product examples may be old. The guide neither quantifies typical contributor expenditure nor establishes compensation for observations.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S52",
    "author": "The Weather Company",
    "year": "Undated live documentation; accessed 2026",
    "title": "Weather Data APIs",
    "url": "https://www.weathercompany.com/weather-data-apis/",
    "claim": "Describes commercial weather APIs and a limited 30-day trial.",
    "limit": "A commercial product offer, not evidence of a personal weather-station contributor's API or subscription entitlement. Historical contributor-access terms were not verified.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S53",
    "author": "Paul Christiano, Jan Leike, Tom B. Brown, Miljan Martic, Shane Legg, and Dario Amodei",
    "year": "2017",
    "title": "Deep reinforcement learning from human preferences",
    "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/1706.03741",
    "claim": "Section 2 describes learning a reward predictor from human comparisons of behavior and optimizing an agent against the predicted reward.",
    "limit": "Experiments concern simulated locomotion and Atari tasks, not representative public governance, democratic legitimacy, or regulatory authority.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S54",
    "author": "Long Ouyang and colleagues",
    "year": "2022",
    "title": "Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback",
    "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2203.02155",
    "claim": "Documents instruction fine-tuning, preference rankings, reward modeling, and PPO; section 3.5 discusses normalization, KL regularization, and the combined objective.",
    "limit": "Reported effects depend on the studied models, prompts, and labeler populations. A reward coefficient does not imply an equivalent share of behavioral influence.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S55",
    "author": "Yuntao Bai and colleagues",
    "year": "2022",
    "title": "Constitutional AI: Harmlessness from AI Feedback",
    "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2212.08073",
    "claim": "Demonstrates principle-guided critique and revision and AI-generated preference judgments used in training and reinforcement learning from AI feedback.",
    "limit": "Developer-selected principles and AI judges do not remove human governance choices. The paper treats principle selection as exploratory, not democratically settled.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S56",
    "author": "Saffron Huang, Divya Siddarth, Liane Lovitt, Thomas I. Liao, Esin Durmus, Alex Tamkin, and Deep Ganguli",
    "year": "2024",
    "title": "Collective Constitutional AI: Aligning a Language Model with Public Input",
    "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.07814",
    "claim": "FAccT study connects a public-input process involving 1,002 U.S. adults to constitutional training and comparative model evaluation. DOI:10.1145/3630106.3658979.",
    "limit": "U.S.-focused, screened participation and interpretation choices do not establish global representativeness, democratic legitimacy, or comprehensive adherence to public principles.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S57",
    "author": "Leo Gao, John Schulman, and Jacob Hilton",
    "year": "2022 preprint",
    "title": "Scaling Laws for Reward Model Overoptimization",
    "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.10760",
    "claim": "Studies divergence between an optimized proxy reward and a separate gold-model score under reinforcement learning and best-of-n sampling.",
    "limit": "The synthetic gold-model signal is not ground-truth human welfare; the study does not eliminate the gap between preference labels and human intent.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S58",
    "author": "Pi maintainers",
    "year": "Repository inspected 2026",
    "title": "Pi Agent Harness",
    "url": "https://github.com/earendil-works/pi",
    "claim": "The canonical repository reached from badlogic/pi-mono documents configurable model/provider connections and an MIT root code license, and explicitly assigns execution isolation to the deployment.",
    "limit": "An inspectable harness, not a guarantee of model openness, security, dependency licensing, or restricted access to files, processes, networks, and credentials. Review the exact version and deployment.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S59",
    "author": "Oh My Pi maintainers",
    "year": "Repository inspected 2026",
    "title": "can1357/oh-my-pi",
    "url": "https://github.com/can1357/oh-my-pi",
    "claim": "Identifies the project as a Pi fork, provides configurable model/provider endpoints and overrides, and includes an MIT root code license.",
    "limit": "Does not independently establish performance, dependency safety, legal clearance, or an official relationship with VS Code. The root license does not license every connected model or service.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S60",
    "author": "Microsoft",
    "year": "Documentation approved 2026-09-16",
    "title": "Build with agents in VS Code",
    "url": "https://code.visualstudio.com/docs/agents/overview",
    "claim": "Official documentation distinguishes agent harnesses, model choices, and execution environments, including the separation of local tool execution from model hosting.",
    "limit": "Product documentation, not an independent benchmark or a statement that all model processing stays local. It does not establish an official Pi-VS Code product relationship.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S61",
    "author": "Model Context Protocol Registry contributors",
    "year": "Preview documentation inspected 2026",
    "title": "The MCP Registry",
    "url": "https://modelcontextprotocol.io/registry/about",
    "claim": "Describes a preview metadata registry for open- and closed-source MCP servers, namespace authentication, and the separation of discovery from downstream code-security scanning.",
    "limit": "Publisher authentication and registry inclusion are not security, quality, provenance, or legal-clearance certificates for a server.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S62",
    "author": "Model Context Protocol contributors",
    "year": "2026-07-28 specification",
    "title": "Architecture - Model Context Protocol",
    "url": "https://modelcontextprotocol.io/specification/2026-07-28/architecture",
    "claim": "Defines host, client, and server architecture and responsibilities for controlled tool and resource integration.",
    "limit": "A protocol reference, not proof that a specific adapter or deployment implements all responsibilities; exact supported versions and behavior require testing.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S63",
    "author": "Hugging Face",
    "year": "Live documentation inspected 2026",
    "title": "Model Cards",
    "url": "https://huggingface.co/docs/hub/model-cards",
    "claim": "Describes model documentation and metadata for intended uses, licenses, training information, limitations, and evaluation.",
    "limit": "Declared information is not independent verification or a blanket license. Downloadable weights do not establish training-data clearance or unrestricted reuse.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S64",
    "author": "Hugging Face",
    "year": "Live documentation inspected 2026",
    "title": "Dataset Cards",
    "url": "https://huggingface.co/docs/hub/datasets-cards",
    "claim": "Describes dataset documentation, declared licensing, contents, use considerations, and potential biases.",
    "limit": "A card does not prove complete provenance, consent, or permission for every intended use; dataset-specific terms and evidence remain necessary.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S65",
    "author": "UK AI Security Institute and Inspect AI contributors",
    "year": "Documentation inspected 2026",
    "title": "Inspect AI: Framework for Large Language Model Evaluations",
    "url": "https://inspect.aisi.org.uk/",
    "claim": "An MIT-licensed evaluation framework with datasets, solvers, scorers, and multiple model-provider integrations.",
    "limit": "A testing framework, not a universal quality or safety certification. Conclusions depend on task selection, grading methods, and integration fidelity.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S70",
    "author": "Budapest Open Access Initiative",
    "year": "2002",
    "title": "Budapest Open Access Initiative: original declaration",
    "url": "https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/read/",
    "claim": "Defines open access to scholarly literature, proposes self-archiving and open-access journals, and distinguishes free reader access from the costs of producing and disseminating scholarship.",
    "limit": "A declaration, not legislation, evidence of this proposal's effectiveness, or a blanket license for all research materials.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S71",
    "author": "Open Knowledge Foundation",
    "year": "Version 2.1; accessed 2026",
    "title": "Open Definition 2.1",
    "url": "https://opendefinition.org/od/2.1/en/",
    "claim": "Defines open knowledge through public-domain status or open permissions, access, machine readability and open formats; open-license requirements include non-discrimination and no royalty condition.",
    "limit": "A definition and interoperability standard, not authority to release personal data, waive community obligations, or override third-party rights.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S72",
    "author": "UNESCO",
    "year": "2021",
    "title": "Recommendation on Open Science",
    "url": "https://www.unesco.org/en/legal-affairs/recommendation-open-science",
    "claim": "Adopted 23 November 2021; frames open science across knowledge creation, evaluation and communication, including infrastructure and societal engagement, while recognizing justified restrictions for privacy, confidentiality and sacred or secret Indigenous knowledge.",
    "limit": "A recommendation to Member States, not a universal license, directly applicable authorization, or proof that every research output should be public.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S73",
    "author": "UNESCO",
    "year": "2019",
    "title": "Recommendation on Open Educational Resources (OER)",
    "url": "https://www.unesco.org/en/legal-affairs/recommendation-open-educational-resources-oer",
    "claim": "Adopted 25 November 2019; defines OER as public-domain or openly licensed learning, teaching and research materials permitting no-cost access and reuse, and promotes inclusive and equitable access and sustainable support.",
    "limit": "A recommendation, not authority over student records, an exemption from children's rights, or evidence of learning gains from this proposed pilot.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S74",
    "author": "Committee to Protect Journalists",
    "year": "2019; living guidance accessed 2026",
    "title": "Digital safety kit",
    "url": "https://cpj.org/2019/07/digital-safety-kit-journalists/",
    "claim": "Provides primary journalist-safety guidance on risk assessment, source and communication protection, accounts, devices, and reviewing third-party services' handling of sensitive information.",
    "limit": "Practical safety guidance, not a guarantee of source confidentiality, legal privilege, or approval of the proposed journalism collective.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S80",
    "author": "Wikimedia Enterprise / Wikimedia Foundation",
    "year": "Undated; accessed 2026",
    "title": "About Wikimedia Enterprise",
    "url": "https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/about/",
    "claim": "Describes enterprise-grade APIs, data-quality signals, developer support, continued free services, and operation through Wikimedia LLC, a Foundation-owned entity.",
    "limit": "An organizational example, not proof that separate entities are always necessary, that the proposed CCF model will succeed, or that individual contributors receive these payments.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S81",
    "author": "arXiv",
    "year": "Undated; accessed 2026",
    "title": "Membership",
    "url": "https://info.arxiv.org/about/membership.html",
    "claim": "Institutional membership supports a platform free for researchers to read and submit to, with member benefits including recognition, statistics, and governance eligibility.",
    "limit": "A funding arrangement, not evidence of individual-contributor payments or sufficient AI-specific commercial demand for another institution.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S82",
    "author": "Crossref",
    "year": "Undated; accessed 2026",
    "title": "Fees",
    "url": "https://www.crossref.org/fees/",
    "claim": "Documents membership and registration fees, a free public metadata API, and optional Metadata Plus subscriptions for more predictable service.",
    "limit": "Fees and programs may change. Service differentiation does not create royalties over underlying public knowledge or demonstrate payments to individual authors.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S83",
    "author": "Wikimedia Enterprise",
    "year": "Undated; accessed 2026",
    "title": "Wikimedia Enterprise/Principles",
    "url": "https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Enterprise/Principles",
    "claim": "Operating principles distinguish paid service from restrictions on free use, exclusive access, or customer editorial influence, and describe transparent mission-directed use of receipts.",
    "limit": "Project-specific commitments, not universal legal rules, independently audited financial results, or endorsement of Commons Collective.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S90",
    "author": "Anthropic",
    "year": "Undated living documentation; accessed 2026",
    "title": "Data usage - Claude Code",
    "url": "https://code.claude.com/docs/en/data-usage",
    "claim": "Documents consumer/commercial distinctions, improvement opt-ins, the Development Partner Program, and distinct feedback and session-quality-survey pathways.",
    "limit": "Provider policy, not an implementation audit or proof that a particular record entered a training run. Retention does not by itself establish training use.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S91",
    "author": "Anthropic",
    "year": "Undated living documentation; accessed 2026",
    "title": "How Claude Code works",
    "url": "https://code.claude.com/docs/en/how-claude-code-works",
    "claim": "Describes an agentic harness around models and tools, with context management, project instructions, auto-memory, and saved sessions.",
    "limit": "Contextual adaptation and persistent instructions do not establish universal or immediate updates to underlying model weights.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S92",
    "author": "Anthropic",
    "year": "Undated living documentation; accessed 2026",
    "title": "Is my data used for model training? - Consumer accounts",
    "url": "https://privacy.claude.com/en/articles/10023580-is-my-data-used-for-model-training",
    "claim": "Describes consumer model-improvement choices, explicit opt-ins, feedback handling, and specified safety-review uses.",
    "limit": "Applies to the specified products/accounts, not every commercial plan or interface. Safety-related uses are not a blanket permission for unrestricted generative-model training.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S93",
    "author": "Anthropic",
    "year": "Undated living documentation; accessed 2026",
    "title": "Is my data used for model training? - Commercial accounts",
    "url": "https://privacy.claude.com/en/articles/7996868-is-my-data-used-for-model-training",
    "claim": "States that commercial inputs and outputs are not used for model training by default, with explicit feedback or separately authorized sharing capable of creating exceptions.",
    "limit": "Does not make every feedback mechanism identical or replace review of the actual agreement, account, authentication route, and program.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S94",
    "author": "Wikimedia contributors",
    "year": "2026 definition",
    "title": "Research:Wikistats metrics/Active editors",
    "url": "https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Research:Wikistats_metrics/Active_editors",
    "claim": "Defines the metric as registered, non-bot editors with at least five edits in a given month, including redirect-page edits.",
    "limit": "Not an all-time count of unique human contributors, registered accounts, or every kind of Wikimedia participation.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S95",
    "author": "Wikimedia contributors",
    "year": "2026 definition",
    "title": "Research:Newly registered user",
    "url": "https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Research:Newly_registered_user",
    "claim": "Specifies self-created account registration as a user-acquisition metric, with exclusions and limitations concerning attached/proxy-created accounts, alternate accounts, and later bot classification.",
    "limit": "Registration does not prove editing, unique personhood, or a contribution to a knowledge commons.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-18"
  },
  {
    "id": "S96",
    "author": "AI Disclosures Project",
    "year": "2026",
    "title": "Roundtable on Mechanisms for a Sustainable AI Data Economy",
    "url": "https://ai-disclosures.org/msr-roundtable",
    "claim": "Describes the 18 September 2026 working session at Microsoft Research New York on mechanisms and incentives across AI pre-training, post-training, and inference, including working-group design of proposals.",
    "limit": "Convening context, not a verified transcript, authorship record, or endorsement of this Commons Collective discussion draft by the organizers or participants.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-19"
  },
  {
    "id": "S97",
    "author": "User-provided workshop photograph; card attributions preserved as printed",
    "year": "2026 context supplied by user",
    "title": "Collective Bargaining & Institutions: group brief and six attributed direction cards",
    "url": "https://ethical-tech-colab.github.io/commons-collective/workshop.html",
    "claim": "Records the printed group brief and cards attributed to Zoe Cullen, Tomicah Tillemann, Erika Yorio, Nicholas Vincent, Beth Goldberg, and Jaron Lanier, with original-frame and crop evidence.",
    "limit": "AI-assisted visual transcription, not verified spoken quotations, independent proof of the cards' premises, or endorsement. The event-date association is contextual, not inferred from image metadata; source rights are not relicensed.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-19"
  },
  {
    "id": "S98",
    "author": "Harvard Business Review (publisher)",
    "year": "2018-09-26",
    "title": "A Blueprint for a Better Digital Society",
    "url": "https://hbr.org/2018/09/a-blueprint-for-a-better-digital-society",
    "claim": "Publisher metadata identifies the article and publication date; its accessible introduction discusses dissatisfaction with surveillance-funded digital services and the need for an economic shift.",
    "limit": "Bibliographic metadata and public preview only, not a full-text review. Included as related reading, not verification of every MID detail or endorsement of the proposed institution.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-19"
  },
  {
    "id": "S99",
    "author": "Session-note authors as credited in the user-supplied excerpt",
    "year": "2026-09-18",
    "title": "Blueprint for a Collective Bargaining Institution for Data in the Public Interest: supplied note excerpt",
    "url": "https://ethical-tech-colab.github.io/commons-collective/workshop.html#conference-notes",
    "claim": "The supplied draft raises contribution versus withholding, mixed traces, node-level incentives, market/policy/non-market/philanthropic mechanisms, sector institutions, CMO collaboration, and public quality signals. Its author line and specific attributions are recorded in the source review.",
    "limit": "Review is of the user's pasted excerpt, not authenticated access to the complete Google Doc or other tabs. Draft premises and attributed suggestions are not adopted as verified empirical findings or approval of this publication.",
    "accessed": "2026-09-19"
  }
]